Townland

Townland o bally (gaèlic irlandès baile fearainn) és una divisió geogràfica territorial menor usada a Irlanda. El sistema de townlands és d'origen gaèlic, anterior a la invasió normanda,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] i la majoria tenen noms d'origen gaèlic irlandès.^[2] Tanmateix, alguns noms i fronteres de townland provenen de senyories Hiberno-Normandes, divisions de les plantacions o creacions posteriors de l'Ordnance Survey.^[5]^[6] Actualment hi ha enregistrats 61.402 townlands a tota l'illa d'Irlanda.^[7]

↑ Barry, Terry. «Rural settlement in medieval Ireland». A: A history of settlement in Ireland. Routledge, 2000, p. 114. «She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.»
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Colfer, Billy. «Prehistoric and early Christian landscapes». A: The Hook Peninsula. Cork University Press, 2004, p. 29. «The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to predate the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.»
↑ Graham, Brian. «Ireland: Economy and Society». A: A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 149. «The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.»
↑ Clarke, Howard; Prunty, Jacinta; Hennessy, Mark. Surveying Ireland's Past. Geography Publications, 2004, p. 113. «It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.»
↑ Connolly, S. J., Oxford Companion to Irish History, page 577. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7
↑ Maxwell, Ian, How to trace your Irish ancestors, page 16. howtobooks, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84528-375-9
↑ Placenames Database of Ireland / Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann

[Barry114-1] Barry, Terry. «Rural settlement in medieval Ireland». A: A history of settlement in Ireland. Routledge, 2000, p. 114. «She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.»

[Colfer29-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Colfer, Billy. «Prehistoric and early Christian landscapes». A: The Hook Peninsula. Cork University Press, 2004, p. 29. «The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to predate the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.»

[Graham149-3] Graham, Brian. «Ireland: Economy and Society». A: A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 149. «The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.»

[Surveying-4] Clarke, Howard; Prunty, Jacinta; Hennessy, Mark. Surveying Ireland's Past. Geography Publications, 2004, p. 113. «It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.»

[Connolly2002p577-5] Connolly, S. J., Oxford Companion to Irish History, page 577. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7

[Maxwell2009pg16-6] Maxwell, Ian, How to trace your Irish ancestors, page 16. howtobooks, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84528-375-9

[7] Placenames Database of Ireland / Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann

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